An abbreviation for air conditioner or air conditioning.

The outside fan unit of the Air Conditioning system. It removes the heat from the freon gas and "turns" the gas back into a liquid and pumps the liquid back to the coil in the furnace.

Supporting structure at each end of a single span bridge. Types of abutments vary based on geotechnical, geographic, and constructability factors.

The science of sound. In construction, acoustical materials used to keep down noise within a room or to prevent it from passing through walls.

1. A scheduling term

2. The smallest work unit within a project; the basic building block of a project.

A device operated either electrically, pneumatically, or hydraulically that acts as a motor to change the position of movable devices such as valves or dampers.

Any documentation (drawings, specifications, etc.) issued during the bidding process to modify, clarify, or complement the information outlined in the bidding documents. Addenda become part of the contract documents upon awarding of the contract to a firm.

One authorized by a client (principal) to act in his/her stead or behalf and owes the client a "fiduciary duty" (Trust). Example: Construction Manager for fee but classified as an independent contractor for tax purposes. A construction manager for fee does not have any financial responsibility whereas a construction manager at-risk does have financial risk similar to a general contractor.

A particulate material which is made up of sand or crushed stone. Aggregates are used in materials such as concrete and are a fundamental part of building foundations.

An arrangement between the parties regarding a method of action.

Total expenses for a project that includes all direct and indirect costs.

A sum of money set aside in the construction contract for items which have not been selected and specified in the construction contract. For example, selection of tile as a flooring may require an allowance for an underlayment material, or an electrical allowance which sets aside an amount of money to be spent on electrical fixtures.

1. A term used to describe partial construction work performed within an existing structure

2. Remodeling without a building addition.

Amount stated in the bid to be added or deducted from the base bid amount proposed for alternate materials and/or methods of construction.

Contractor's written request for payment for completed portions of the work and, for materials delivered or stored and properly labeled for the respective project.

A series of arches supported by a row of columns.

A curved structure that will support itself by mutual pressure and the weight above its curved opening.

One who designs and supervises the construction of buildings or other structures.

An individual or firm offering professional services as both architect and engineer.

The name of the architectural company that is listed on the issued permits, yet who may not actually do the design for the construction project.

A recognized series of phases performed by an architect as follows: 1st Schematic Design Phase, 2nd Design Development Phase, 3rd Construction Document Phase, 4th Bidding or Negotiated Phase, 5th Construction Phase.

A line drawing showing plan and/or elevation views of the proposed building for the purpose of showing the overall appearance of the building.

Contract drawings marked up to reflect changes made during the construction process. It is good practice to make As-Built drawings by marking the changes on reproducible drawings such a sepias for the duplication purposes later.

The common term for marked up floor plans (usually in red ink) showing how installation differed from the original design drawings. As-builts are usually created for utilities and in-wall systems that aren’t directly visible. The formal term for as-builts is record drawings.

An open court within a building.

A charge against a contractor’s contract for costs incurred by another party that should have been incurred by the contractor. A back charge typically takes form in a deductive change order. For example, if the contractor in charge of fire sprinklers damaged a wall using a boom lift, that contractor may incur a back charge from the drywall contractor for the repair work.

The process of refilling trenches or holes created during excavation, especially around foundations.

Frame lumber installed between the wall studs to give additional support for drywall or an interior trim related item, such as handrail brackets, cabinets, and towel bars. In this way, items are screwed and mounted into solid wood rather than weak drywall that may allow the item to break loose from the wall.

Framed walls (generally over 10' tall) that run the entire vertical length from the floor sill plate to the roof. This is done to eliminate the need for a gable end truss.

The rail, posts and vertical balusters along the edge of a stairway or elevated walkway.

Horizontal beam rafter that supports shorter rafters.

A decorative board covering the projecting rafter (fly rafter) of the gable end. At the cornice, this member is a fascia board.

A trim board placed against the wall around the room next to the floor.

A half-brick.

Beams run horizontally along the main walls of a building at ceiling level, supporting the structure.

A structural member transversely supporting a load. A structural member carrying building loads (weight) from one support to another. Sometimes called a "girder".

1. A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists are nailed in framing for a chimney, stairway, or other opening.

2. A wood lintel.

3. The horizontal structural member over an opening (for example over a door or window).

A partition that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.

A point where a bearing or structural weight is concentrated and transferred to the foundation.

A wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.

A subsurface layer of earth that is suitable to support a structure.

A construction procurement method where contractors are awarded the bid based on prices and quality measurements from previous work performance.

Price proposal typically based on the design specification and documents.

A written form of security executed by the bidder as principal and by a surety for the purpose of guaranteeing that the bidder will sign the contract, if awarded the contract, for the stated bid amount.

Construction documents where the pertinent portions of information are placed into a suitable bidding package by the contractor.

The process of examining and comparing contractors’ bids to select the right one based on price and services provided.

Notifying potential bidders regarding a bid opportunity as it may be a request to submit a bid or obtain a request for proposals.

A 3-D modeling process that feature the details of the building.

A construction technique to join, fill or reinforce the building structure.

Another phrase for Utility Notification. This is when a utility company (telephone, gas, electric, sewer and water, etc) comes to the job site and locates and spray paints the ground and/or installs little flags to show where their service is located underground.

A 2-dimensional technical drawing that has all of the project’s details. A type of copying method often used for architectural drawings. Usually used to describe the drawing of a structure which is prepared by an architect or designer for the purpose of design and planning, estimating, securing permits and actual construction.

The bill of quantities is a contract document that contains a list of materials and workmanship involved in a construction project. It is necessary for properly pricing a project.

A temporary structure used to add support or to reinforce heavy objects that are used during the construction process.

The electrical box that distributes electric power to each branch circuit (each plug and switch) and composed of circuit breakers.

A roofed walkway with open sides.

Small wood or metal members that are inserted in a diagonal position between the floor joists or rafters at mid-span for the purpose of bracing the joists/rafters & spreading the load.

Abbreviation for British Thermal Unit; a standard unit for measuring heat gain or loss.

1. An itemized summary of estimated or intended expenditures for a given period of time

2. The total sum of money allocated for a specific project.

1. To form by combining materials or parts

2. A structure enclosed within a roof and within exterior walls housing, shelter, enclosure and support of individuals, animals, or real property of any kind.

An energy management system, usually with additional capabilities, relating to the overall operation of the building in which it is installed; this includes equipment monitoring, protection of equipment against power failure, and building security. It’s the digital automation that takes operation of an HVAC design out of someone’s physical hands and moves it onto a computer interface.

The legal requirements set up by the prevailing various governing agencies covering the minimum acceptable requirements for all types of construction.

An expert in design, construction and assessment technologies.

1. The waterproof elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior.

2. The outer structure of the building

A qualified government representative authorized to inspect construction for compliance with applicable building codes, regulations and ordinances. Courts have ruled that building inspections are exempt from errors and omissions liabilities.

An energy management system relating to the overall operation of the building in which it is installed. It often has additional capabilities, such as equipment monitoring, protection of equipment against power failure, and building security. It may also be a direct digital control (DDC) system where the mode of control uses digital outputs to control processes or elements directly.

A written document issued by the appropriate governmental authority permitting construction to begin on a specific project in accordance with drawings and specifications approved by the governmental authority.

A term used to express every step of a construction project from it’s conception to final acceptance and occupancy.

A roofing composed of three to five layers of asphalt felt laminated with coal tar, pitch, or asphalt. The top is finished with crushed slag or gravel. Generally used on flat or low-pitched roofs.

A roof with two sides sloping down toward the interior of the building.

Vertical masonry or concrete support, usually larger at the base, which projects from a wall.

CAD (computer-aided design) refers to using architecture software to create detailed models of buildings to speed up the design process, allow for more creativity, and ensure greater accuracy in measurements.

A 10" or 12" diameter hole drilled into the earth and embedded into bedrock 3 - 4 feet. The structural support for a type of foundation wall, porch, patio, monopost, or other structure. Two or more "sticks" of reinforcing bars (rebar) are inserted into and run the full length of the hole and concrete is poured into the caisson hole.

An angled surface or line that cuts a corner off.

A beam which is securely supported at one end, and hangs freely at the other, like balconies that have no pillars or columns supporting them.

An overhang. Where one floor extends beyond and over a foundation wall.

Foundation void material used in unusually expansive soils conditions. This void is "trapezoid" shaped and has vertical sides of 6" and 4" respectively.

An accident in the construction process that causes severe damage that creates a permanent loss.

A flexible, rubbery type of material that is used to seal gaps in a joint.

Double masonry wall having an air space between the wyths.

Parallel framing members that support ceiling loads and are themselves supported by load-bearing walls.

One of a series of parallel framing members used to support ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls. Also called roof joists.

A rating that expresses the amount of air a blower or fan can move. The volume of air (measured in cubic feet) that can pass through an opening in one minute.

A written document that modifies or changes the project’s plans, price or specifications in the construction contract. A change to the original contract scope of work, resulting in either an increase or decrease in project costs and/or schedule. This could be issued by a client to the general contractor or the general contractor to a subcontractor.

A change order may be signed by the architect or engineer, provided they have written authority from the owner for such procedure and that a copy of such written authority is furnished to the contractor upon request. The contract sum and the contract time may be changed only by change order. A change order may be in the form of additional compensation or time; or less compensation or time known as a Deduction (from the contract) the amount deducted from the contract sum by change order.

A change order proposal is the written document before it has been approved and effected by the Contractor and Owner. A change order proposal can be issued by either the contractor or the owner. The change order proposal becomes a change order only after it has been approved and effected by the Contractor and Owner.

A written document issued by the owner requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time; generally issued by the architect or owners representative.

A valve that permits passage through a pipe in only one direction.

The path of electrical flow from a power source through an outlet and back to ground.

A switch in the electrical panel that shuts off power to certain parts of the building.

A device which looks like a switch and is usually located inside the electrical breaker panel or circuit breaker box. It is designed to

(1) shut of the power and

(2) to limit the amount of power flowing through a circuit (measured in amperes). 110 volt household circuits require a fuse or circuit breaker with a rating of 15 or a maximum of 20 amps. 220 volt circuits may be designed for higher amperage loads.

The process of removing vegetation and material from land in the construction area. This prepares the site for excavation and grading work to take place.

A phase that encompasses the end of a project. This consists of punch lists, O&M manuals, as-builts/record drawings, warranties, and the overall completion of project work.

A service where only invited bidders or estimators are given access to the project specific RFP (Request for Proposal) information. This option is for those seeking bids/estimates from a prequalified and selected list of professionals or service.

An abbreviation for "Certificate of Occupancy". This certificate is issued by the local municipality and is required before anyone can occupy a space. It is issued only after the local municipality has made all inspections and all monies and fees have been paid.

Prevailing regulations, ordinances or statutory requirements set forth by governmental agencies associated with building construction practices and owner occupancy, adopted and administered for the protection of public health, life safety and welfare.

A structural enclosure installed to retain water in damp soil or bodies of water. The cofferdam is installed and water is pumped out of the enclosure to provide a dry and safe work environment.

The ductwork (and related grills) that carries room air back to the furnace for re-heating.

Nominal 1- or 2-inch-thick members connecting opposite roof rafters. They serve to stiffen the roof structure.

A vertical structural compression member which supports loads.

The duct work installed to bring fresh, outside air to the furnace and/or hot water heater. Normally 2 separate supplies of air are brought in: one high and one low.

The process of testing and verifying the intended behavior of the building systems, such as HVAC, plumbing, electrical, life safety, lighting, etc. This is generally conducted by the contractor in tandem with the facility management team in order to ensure that the building staff are prepared to operate and maintain its systems and equipment.

A mechanical device that pressurizes a gas in order to turn it into a liquid, thereby allowing heat to be removed or added. A compressor is the main component of conventional heat pumps and air conditioners. In an air conditioning system, the compressor normally sits outside and has a large fan (to remove heat).

A building material created by a hardened mixture of cement, gravel, sand, and water. It is used for slabs, columns, and other types of structures.

Used to make garage and basement floors, sidewalks, patios, foundation walls, etc. It is commonly reinforced with steel rods (rebar) or wire screening (mesh).

Reinforced concrete as it is the least distance between the outer concrete surface and the reinforcement.

A horizontal platform used to construct the ceiling or the floor of the building.

The copper pipe that runs from the outside air conditioning condenser to the inside furnace ( where the a/c coil is located).

The outdoor component of a cooling system. It includes a compressor and condensing coil designed to give off heat.

A pipe, usually metal, in which wire is installed.

To assemble and combine construction materials and methods to make a structure.

The act or process of constructing.

Changing or modifying the existing commercial space to make it usable for business functions.

The direct contractor costs for labor, material, equipment, and services; contractors overhead and profit; and other direct construction costs. Construction cost does not include the compensation paid to the architect and engineer and consultants, the cost of the land, rights-of-way or other costs which are defined in the contract documents as being the responsibility of the owner. (see Soft Costs).

A record of field notes, including work completed, weather conditions, and materials delivered or used.

The owners review of the borrowers construction documents (plans and specifications), list of materials, and cost breakdowns for the purpose of confirming that these documents and estimates are feasible and are in accordance with the proposed loan or project appraisal.

All drawings, specifications and addenda associated with a specific construction project.

A term used to represent all drawings, specifications, addenda, other pertinent construction information associated with the construction of a specific project.

The third phase of the architect's basic services wherein the architect prepares working drawings, specifications and bidding information. Depending on the architects scope of services the architect may assists the owner in the preparation of bidding forms, the conditions of the contract and the form of agreement between the owner and contractor.

The final preconstruction drawings of the whole building.

Forecasting the construction costs for the building as it may be used to determine the feasibility of the project.

Organizing and directing men, materials, and equipment to accomplish the purpose of the designer.

Project delivery method where the construction manager commits to delivering the project at within the guaranteed maximum price.

A written agreement wherein responsibilities for coordination and accomplishment of overall project project design and construction are given to a construction management firm. The building team generally consists of the owner, contractor and designer or architect.

This software is designed for construction managers to help them more efficiently run a construction project; it can include features to manage accounting and financials, documentation, and team workloads.

An application used by construction managers to efficiently run the project as it features accounting, documentation and team workloads.

The fifth and final phase of the architect's basics services, which includes the architect's general administration of the construction contract(s).

One hired by the owner or client to give professional advice.

The cost provisions in the project budget that make allowance for oversights and unforeseen circumstances associated with the project. Depending on the nature of the contract, the contractor may require owner’s approval to draw funds from contingencies.

1. An agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law

2. The writing or document containing such an agreement.

The contractual duties and responsibilities of the architect and engineer during the construction phase of a specific project.

A written form of security from a surety company, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing complete execution of the contract and all supplemental agreements pertaining thereto and for the payment of all legal debts pertaining to the construction of the project.

A term used to represent all executed agreements between the owner and contractor; any general, supplementary or other contract conditions; the drawings and specifications; all addenda issued prior to execution of the contract; and any other items specifically stipulated as being included in the contract documents.

The conformed set of drawings that represents the entire contract scope.

A contract in the construction industry that indicates the offer and the acceptance between to agreeing parties as the agreement is signed.

The difference between the original contract price and the final completed cost including all adjustments by approved change order.

A written form of security from a surety company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to all persons providing labour, materials, equipment, or services in accordance with the contract.

A written form of security from a surety company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing the completion of the work in accordance with the terms of the contract.

The elapsed number of working days or calendar days from the specified date of commencing work to the specified date of completion, as specified in the contract.

The total agreeable amount payable by the owner to the contractor for the performance of the work under the contract documents. (see Change Order).

The time period set forth established in the contract documents for completing a specific project; usually stated in working days or calendar days. The contract time can only be adjusted by valid time extensions through change order.

An official representative of the owner with specific authority to act in his behalf in connection with a specific project.

A properly licensed individual or company that agrees to furnish labour, materials, equipment and associated services to perform the work as specified for a specified price.

A written provision in the contract documents giving the contractor the option of selecting certain specified materials, methods or systems without changing in the contract sum.

A written statement of the Contractor's experience and qualifications submitted to the Owner during the contractor selection process.

The liability assumed by a party under a contract.

Tooled, straight grooves made on concrete floors to "control" where the concrete should crack.

The amount of cooling required to keep a building at a specified temperature during the summer, usually 78° F, regardless of outside temperature.

The triangular, decorative and supporting member that holds a mantel or horizontal shelf.

A term that refers to the base construction of a building. This includes its structure, cladding, and vertical systems, such as MEP utility risers, stairs, and elevators, as well as its finished common areas, such as lobby and restrooms.

Diagonal braces at the corners of the framed structure designed to stiffen and strengthen the wall.

Overhang of a pitched roof , usually consisting of a fascia board, a soffit and appropriate trim moldings.

Codes used to track budgets and expenses of labour activities.

A numbering system given to specific kinds of work for the purpose of organizing the cost control process of a specific project.

All costs incurred by the contractor in the proper performance of the work required by the plans and specifications for a specific project.

A written agreement with the owner under which the contractor or the architect and engineer is reimbursed for his/her direct and indirect costs and, in addition, is paid a fee for his services. The fee is usually stated as a stipulated sum or as a percentage of cost.

A contract where the contractor is paid for all of their allowed expenses as well as an additional profit payment.

A metal flashing usually used on chimneys at the roofline to cover shingle flashing and used to prevent moisture entry.

A foundation wall section that strengthens (and generally perpendicular to) a long section of foundation wall.

Concrete blocks, stones or bricks in a continuous masonry row.

Shallow space below the floor of a building built above ground, generally surrounded with a foundation wall.

A second roof built on top of the primary roof to increase the slope of the roof or valley. A saddle-shaped, peaked construction connecting a sloping roof with a chimney. Designed to encourage water drainage away from the chimney joint.

The set of activities that must be completed on time for the project completion date to be met. Activities on the critical path have no slack time.

A planning scheduling and control line and symbol diagram drawn to show the respective tasks and activities involved in constructing a specific project.

Reinforcements in an X-shape that provides enhanced durability to a structure.

Boards nailed diagonally across studs or other boards to make framework rigid.

Diagonal bracing between adjacent floor joists, placed near the center of the joist span to prevent joists from twisting.

Short metal "T" beam used in suspended ceiling systems to bridge the spaces between the main beams.

Construction Specification Institute.

The CSI Master Format is a system of numbers and titles for organizing construction information into a regular, standard order or sequence. By establishing a master list of titles and numbers Master Format promotes standardization and thereby facilitates the retrieval of information and improves construction communication.

It provides a uniform system for organizing information in project manuals, for organizing project cost data, and for filing product information and other technical data.

Building material rejected as below standard grade.

A small structure built on top of a roof to provide ventilation.

To allow concrete to dry slowly by keeping it moist to allow maximum strength.

A vertical line on the chart indicating the current date.

An exterior wall that provides no structural support.

A written document and record that has two main purposes:

1. they furnish information to off-site persons who need and have a right to know important details of events as they occur daily and hourly, and

2. they furnish historical documentation that might later have a legal bearing in cases of disputes. Daily reports should be as factual and impersonal as possible, free from the expression of personal opinions and feelings.

Each report should be numbered to correspond with the working days established on the progress schedule. In the event of no-work days, a daily report should still be made, stating "no work today" ( due to rain, strike, or other causes).

The report includes a description of the weather; a record of the total number of employees, subcontractors by name, work started and completed today, equipment on the job site, job progress today, names and titles of visitors, accidents and/or safety meetings, and a remarks column for other job related information.

A report that documents materials installed, crew information, safety incidents and work completed as the document is created by the foreman at the end of each day.

A procedure used to keep the drywall interior dry and to prevent moisture absorption.

Usually abbreviated as DPC, this is a watertight layer applied to masonry to prevent moisture rising up from the ground.

1. Usually on the front page of the agreement

2. If not on front page it may be the date opposite the signatures when the agreement was actually signed

3. or when it was recorded

4. or the date the agreement was actually awarded to the contractor.

The date established in a written notice to proceed from the owner to the contractor.

The date certified by the architect when the work or a designated portion thereof is sufficiently complete, in accordance with the contract documents, so the owner may occupy the work or designated portion thereof for the use for which it is intended.

Also known as datum point, this refers to any elevation taken as a reference point for leveling.

All the weight in a structure made up of unmovable materials.

The boundaries that separate your space from your neighbors' and from the public corridor.

Also known as a crane barge. These floating cranes lift large loads while on water. These are great for offshore construction use.

A graphical representation consisting of plan views, interior and exterior elevations, sections, and other drawings and details to depict the goal or purpose for a building or other structure.

A traditional project delivery method where the owner or agency contracts separate firms to design and construct the building.

A project delivery method where the owner or agency hires a single firm or company to handle both the design and construction of the building.

When a Prime or Main contractor bids or negotiates to provide Design and Construction services for the entire construction project.

A written agreement between and contractor and owner wherein the contractor agrees to provide both design and construction services.

The second phase of the architect's basic services wherein the architect prepares drawings and other presentation documents to fix and describe the size and character of the entire project as to architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical systems, materials and other essentials as may be appropriate; and prepares a statement of probable construction cost.

1. An individual part or item

2. A graphical scale representation (drawing at a larger scale) of construction part(s) or item(s) showing materials, composition and dimensions.

Structure reinforcement technique using steel beams placed in diagonal grids.

A dimension is used in the planning stage and refers to a measure between two points.

All items of expense directly incurred by or attributable to a specific project, assignment or task. Direct Costs, Hard Costs, and Construction Costs are synonymous.

A type of control where controlled and monitored analog or binary data (e.g., temperature, contact closures) are converted to digital format for manipulation and calculations by a digital computer or micro-processor, then converted back to analog or binary form to control physical devices.

Term used in underground construction that describes the activity of utility installation. Dig/excavate dirt, lay your utility line, and backfill.

An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which projects out to form a vertical wall suitable for windows or other openings.

A pipe, usually of metal, for carrying rainwater down from the roof's horizontal gutters.

The amount of progress billings on a contract that is currently available to a contractor under a contract with a fixed payment schedule.

1. A term used to represent that portion of the contract documents that graphically illustrates the design, location and dimensions of the components and elements contained in a specific project 2. A line drawing.

A panel made from gypsum plaster that is wrapped in cardboard. It is commonly used as a fundamental material for framing a building.

Wall board or gypsum- A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and encased in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2" thick and 4' x 8' or 4' x 12' in size.

The panels are nailed or screwed onto the framing and the joints are taped and covered with a 'joint compound'.

'Green board' type drywall has a greater resistance to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is used in bathrooms and other "wet areas".

Piping that carries air throughout a structure.

The length of an activity, excluding holidays and other non-working days.

The right to use land owned by another, such as a utility company's right-of-way.

The horizontal exterior roof overhang.

A way of exiting a structure, such as a window or door. Laws require a certain number of egress windows in certain parts of a home.

A means of exiting a space. Normally a 4' X 4' window is the minimum size required.

Work performed by the electrical contractor after the plumber and heating contractor are complete with their phase of work. Normally all electrical wires, and outlet, switch, and fixture boxes are installed (before insulation).

Work performed by the electrical contractor when the project is nearing completion. The electrician installs all plugs, switches, light fixtures, smoke detectors, appliance "pig tails", bath ventilation fans, wires the furnace, and "makes up" the electric panel. The electrician does all work necessary to get ready for and to pass the electrical final inspection.

The drawings of the front, sides, or rear face of a building.

A drawing of a structure that shows the front or side of the buildings facades; it is a first angle projection.

An elevated landmass made of compacted soil or aggregate. Embankments help create roads and level surfaces for slabs or levees.

The encasing of underground pipes in concrete or when encasing hazardous materials that have been installed.

A system of computer applications used by building engineering staff to monitor, control, and optimize the building’s operating performance (e.g., energy consumption, occupant comfort levels). EMS optimizes building operating performance through supervisory control programs that utilize core BMS functionality. An EMS is a more refined definition of a building management system (BMS) focused exclusively on operating performance with things like indoor air quality (IAQ), occupant productivity and comfort, and energy output as key metrics.

1. To calculate approximately the amount, extent or value of something

2. To form an opinion of estimated costs

A calculation of costs prepared on the basis of a detailed analysis of materials and labor for all items of work, as contrasted with an estimate based on current area, volume or similar unit costs.

A process of calculating the amount of material, labour and equipment required for a given project necessary to complete the work as specified.

Cavity or pit produced by digging the earth in preparation for construction.

Fibrous material (@1/2" thick) installed in and around a concrete slab to permit it to move up and down (seasonally) along the non-moving foundation wall.

Work done on parts of a structure at the factory before delivery to the building site.

Face or front elevation of a building.

A visual inspection of a building and on-site improvements for functional or physical deterioration; prepare optional Replacement Cost Estimate for making recommendations to improve functional and physical deficiencies to increase market value; AND/OR prepare a Reserve Study over five (5) years to increase Net Operating Income (NOI) for the facility.

A temporary structure used to support an arch or bridge during the construction or repair process. In other words, These are the temporary structures that are built to hold and support cast-in-place concrete during pours and while it cures to strength.

A method of construction management which involves a continuous design-construction operation. When a prime or main contractor starts the construction work BEFORE the plans and specifications are complete. (See Design-Build Construction).

1. An abbreviation for furniture, fixtures and equipment

2. Items classified as personal property rather than real property

3. An abbreviation generally associated with interior design and planning of retail stores or office facilities.

Taking measurements within the structure itself rather than relying on blueprints.

A work order issued to a contractor by the owner or general contractor to perform work not included in the contract. The contractor will then be entitled to a change order for the extra work. Field orders are used to expedite work in an emergency or crucial situation, when there is no time to compile and approve a change order request.

The general contractor’s document given to the subcontractor regarding the completion of work that is not included in the original scope of the project.

A written request to a subcontractor or vendor, usually from the general or main contractor, site for services or materials.

The action of the owner accepting the work from the contractor when the owner deems the work completed in accordance with the contract requirements. Final acceptance is confirmed by the owner when making the final payment to the contractor.

A final site review of the project by the contractor, owner or owner’s authorized representative prior to issuing the final certificate for payment.

The last payment from the owner to the contractor of the entire unpaid balance of the contract sum as adjusted by any approved change orders.

The date that an activity or project is completed.

A chemical or preparation of chemicals used to reduce the flammability of a material or to retard the spread of flame.

Applies to materials that are not combustible in the temperatures of ordinary fires and will withstand such fires for at least 1 hour.

Tight closure material or blocking to prevent the spread of flame or hot gases within framing.

A term that refers to the interior construction of a building to make it suitable for occupation. This could include distribution of MEP services, ceiling systems, finishes, furniture, lighting, etc.

A set contract amount for all labor, materials, equipment and services; and contractors overhead and profit for all work being performed for a specific scope of work.

A construction cost ceiling agreed to between the owner and architect or engineer for designing a specific project. (See Budget).

Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall construction to protect a building from water seepage.

The next-to-last stage in concrete work, when you smooth off the job and bring water to the surface by using a hand float or bull float.

A non-bearing wall built on a concrete floor. It is constructed so that the bottom two horizontal plates can compress or pull apart if the concrete floor moves up or down. Normally built on basements and garage slabs.

The floor plan refers to the layout of the building. It is a drawing of the horizontal section that shows how the different spaces relate to each other.

The outline of a building's foundation; used for site planning.

The leading supervisor at the construction site who is in charge of the work crews. He ensures workers perform daily tasks based on established schedules while creating documents regarding completed work.

Temporary structure erected to contain concrete during placing and initial hardening.

The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor construction, or below grade, including the footings.

Metal wires that hold the foundation wall panels and rebar in place during the concrete pour.

The end, upper, triangular area of a home, beneath the roof.

A roof with two slopes on each side, the lower slope steeper than the upper.

The schedule of activities for a project. A Gantt Chart shows start and finish dates, critical and non-critical activities, slack time, and predecessor relationships.

A written portion of the contract documents set forth by the owner stipulating the contractor’s minimum acceptable performance requirements including the rights, responsibilities and relationships of the parties involved in the performance of the contract. General conditions are usually included in the book of specifications but are sometimes found in the architectural drawings.

When a prime or main contractor bids the entire work AFTER the final design, plans and specifications are complete and have been approved by the owner.

The main contractor for the building construction. Their main responsibility is the oversight of the project as they manage subcontractors, handle scheduling and monitor the budget.

Properly licensed individual or company having primary (prime) responsibility for the work.

The main horizontal support of a structure that supports smaller beams.

A large or principal beam of wood or steel used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.

A contract where the contractor is paid for the actual costs that are incurred in addition to a fixed fee that has a price ceiling cap.

Ground level, or the elevation at any given point. Also the work of leveling dirt. Also the designated quality of a manufactured piece of wood.

The process of leveling out an area of land and exerting force using heavy equipment to stabilize the soil or aggregate.

The completed assembly of main and cross tees in a suspended ceiling system before the ceiling panels are installed.

Work performed by the heating contractor after the stairs and interior walls are built. This includes installing all duct work and flue pipes. Sometimes, the furnace and fireplaces are installed at this stage of construction.

Work done by the heating contractor to get ready for the Final Heat Inspection. This includes venting the hot water heater, installing all vent grills, registers, air conditioning services, turning on the furnace, installing thermostats, venting ranges and hoods, and all other heat related work.

A roof with four sloping sides. The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides of a roof.

A roof where all four sides slope down towards the walls.

An abbreviation that stands for heat, ventilation, and air conditioning. Abbreviation used to signify the heating, ventilation and cooling structures and systems of the building.

The equipment, terminals, and distribution systems that provide, either collectively or individually, the processes of heating, ventilating, or air conditioning to a building or portion of a building. Basically, the setup of machines that make a room or space warmer, cooler, or more conditioned in some regard

A space or group of spaces within a building with heating, cooling, and ventilating requirements that are sufficiently similar so that desired conditions (e.g., temperature) can be maintained throughout using a single sensor (e.g., thermostat or temperature sensor).

A beam that has a cross-section that looks like the capital letter I. Girders often have an I-beam cross-section.

A steel beam with a cross section resembling the letter I. It is used for long spans as basement beams or over wide wall openings when wall and roof loads bear down on the opening

Request given to contractors for them to submit a project proposal regarding their provided services and products.

1. A term sometimes used to describe TI'S or Tenant Improvements.

2. Improvements can be in the form of new construction or remodel work.

1.The act of indemnifying.

2. The condition of being indemnified.

One free from the influence, guidance, or control of another or others and does not owe a "fiduciary duty". Example: architect, engineer, prime or main contractor, construction manager at-risk.

A contractor’s or consultant’s overhead expense; expenses indirectly incurred and not chargeable to a specific project or task. The terms Indirect costs and soft costs are synonymous.

1. The act of inspecting.

2. An official examination or review of the work completed or in progress to determine its compliance with contract requirements.

An independent vehicle for the disbursement and accounting of construction funds allowing construction obligations to be paid (progress payments) when work is completed, inspected and approved. Job Costs are reviewed prior to making disbursements to establish that the actual construction payments are within the confines of the original estimate confines or schedule of construction values.

A list prepared by the owner or his/her authorized representative of items of work requiring immediate corrective or completion action by the contractor.

One who is appointed or employed to inspect something.

Material that’s designed to prevent heat from leaving or entering a building. Insulation material is placed within the walls, ceiling, or floor of a structure.

A construction model where the project labour is brought in at the design phase as subcontractors perform roughly 80% to 100% of the labour.

A construction model where a single multi-party contract is established between the owner, architect and builder. The contract outlines that all stakeholders will share both the risks and incentives of the project.

A term used to represent the visible elements, materials and applications applied to a building’s interior excluding furniture, fixtures and equipment. (see FF&E).

A list sent to a purchaser containing the items and charges of merchandise. (see Statement).

This stands for “inspection request” which is a form required by independent third-party inspectors to confirm an installation detail or method. It is often used for work such as welding, anchoring, and concrete pours.

Accounting method used to track construction work that is completed and measures whether the amount of activity aligns to the project budget.

A construction interface between two separate building elements that do not have a physical connection to each other but may overlap or align to the other element.

The location where the surfaces of two components are joined. Horizontal elements that are connected to beams perpendicularly to provide load transfer functions.

Structural member which directly supports floors or ceilings and is supported by bearing walls, beam, or girders.

A precast concrete barrier that comes in 10’ or 20’ lengths. These are used to separate traffic, protect traffic from a leading edge, or designate the construction zone.

A framing member that runs from the bottom to the top of a panel or sheet.

A unit of force or weight, equal to 1,000 pounds, used to measure engineering loads.

A written form of security from a surety (bonding) company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to the owner in the event the contractor fails to pay for all labor, materials, equipment, or services in accordance with the contract. (see Performance Bond and Surety Bond).

A metal wire on the frame of a building that serves as a base for laying down stucco or plaster.

A construction methodology where all stakeholders share relationships and goals to manage the project so as to reduce waste while maximizing the project’s value.

A project delivery method where a school will lease a site to a contractor who will construct a building to be used by the school. The contractor will then lease the constructed building back to the school. At the end of the lease, the title of the building would be vested to the school.

A property claim made by the contractor against the owner when they are not paid for the completed work.

A written document from the contractor to the owner that releases the Lien, Mechanic’s or Material following it’s satisfaction.

1. An written document from a contractor, subcontractor, material supplier or other construction professional(s), having lien rights against an owner’s property, relinquishes all or part of those rights.

2. Lien waivers are generally used for processing progress payments to prime or main or subcontractors as follows: Conditional Lien Waiver, Unconditional Lien Waiver, and Final Lien Waiver.

The right to take and hold or sell an owner’s property to satisfy unpaid debts to a qualified contractor for labor, materials, equipment or services to improve the property. (see Preliminary Lien Notice).

Construction method where concrete slabs are cast on the ground level and then are lifted into place using hydraulic jacks.

A horizontal structural member that supports the load over an opening such as a door or window.

An amount of money that the contractor would owe the owner in the event of a breach of contract. These are typically calculated by a formula such as $10,000 per day of substantial delay of completion.

The total of all moving and variable loads that may be placed upon a building.

Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is aligned above a support beam or girder.

A partition or load-bearing wall carries the load of the structure above it. As a result, they cannot be removed without compromising the integrity of the structure.

A roofed open gallery, often on an upper level.

A construction bidding method where the lowest bid is automatically accepted and awarded the job.

Unit of measure for total light output. The amount of light falling on a surface of one square foot.

A single entry amount to cover all labor, equipment, materials, services, and overhead and profit for completing the construction of a variety of unspecified items of work without the benefit of a cost breakdown.

A written contract between the owner and contractor wherein the owner agrees the pay the contractor a specified sum of money for completing a scope of work consisting of a variety of unspecified items or work.

A contract where a single price is quoted for the entire construction project.

A roof with two slopes on each side, with the lower slope being nearly vertical and the upper slope nearly horizontal.

Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or other similar building units or materials. Normally bonded together with mortar to form a wall.

A form consisting of three columns (individuals name, individuals title, and company the individual represents). This form is given to all persons attending any meeting. Each person attending the meeting will complete their respective information. The date of the meeting should be included for reference.

A written report consisting of a project number, project name, meeting date and time, meeting place, meeting subject, a list of persons attending, and a list of actions taken and/or discussed during the meeting. Generally, this report is distributed to all persons attending the meeting and any other person having an interest in the meeting.

An activity with a duration of zero (0) and by which progress of the project is measured. A milestone is an informational marker only; it does not affect scheduling.

Generally all building materials made of finished wood and manufactured in millwork plants. Includes all doors, window and door frames, blinds, mantels, panelwork, stairway components (ballusters, rail, etc.), moldings, and interior trim. Does not include flooring, ceiling, or siding.

A pneumatically-driven device inserted into the ground to create holes for construction elements such as pipes and heat pump systems.

A construction method that uses precast concrete panels which are bolted together to make concrete structures.

Term used for concrete work poured and cast in one piece without joints.

Adjustable metal column used to support a beam or bearing point.

In masonry, mortar is the paste that is used to bind stones, bricks, and other similar types of units used to construct the walls of a building. Mortar can be made up of a variety of things, such as asphalt, pitch, or clay.

A wall system consisting of vertical panels and horizontal straps backfilled with aggregate or soil. MSE walls allow for easier and quicker installation than traditional cast-in-place methods.

Plastic, transparent copies of a blueprint.

A government procurement method where a contractor is chosen without formal price competition or formal advertising.

A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.

This stands for operations and maintenance manual which is an instruction guide to running and servicing a building. The O&M manual is given to the owner at turnover.

A meeting held at a scheduled time (generally weekly or biweekly) between the owner, the architect, and the general contractor. This meeting covers general project management topics, such as safety, scheduling, procurement, RFIs, submittals, change orders, design changes, etc. The general contractor is usually responsible for leading the meeting and distributing the meeting minutes.

The measurement of spacing for studs, rafters, and joists in a building from the center of one member to the center of the next.

A service where any bidder or estimator is given access to project specific RFP (Request for Proposal) information. This option is for those seeking bids/estimates from any interested professionals or service with out prequalifying them.

The positioning of a building on a lot in relation to the sun, wind, view, and noise.

An extension of a rafter beyond the wall line. Usually a smaller member nailed to a larger rafter to form a cornice or roof overhang.

An individual or corporation that owns a real property.

A written form of contract between architect and client for professional architectural services.

A term used to describe an Owner who takes on the responsibilities of the general contractor to build a specific project.

Contract between owner and contractor for a construction project.

Contract between construction manager and client for professional services.

A wall placed at the edge of a roof to prevent people from falling off.

A substitute for plywood that is composed of sawdust mixed with resin.

A wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building or room.

A construction document that details how the contractor will be paid.

1. A written form of security from a surety (bonding) company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to the owner in the event the contractor fails to perform all labor, materials, equipment, or services in accordance with the contract.

2. The surety companies generally reserve the right to have the original prime or main or subcontractor remedy any claims before paying on the bond or hiring other contractors.

A performance gap is an instance where the expected work progress does not match to the results that are given.

The written material containing the minimum acceptable standards and actions, as may be necessary to complete a project. Including the minimum acceptable quality standards and aesthetic values expected upon completion of the project.

Open, structural framework over an outdoor area, usually covered with climbing vines to form an arbor.

An abbreviation for Program Evaluating and Review Technique. (see Activity; Critical Path Method).

A diagram that illustrates, charts and reports a projects estimated start and completion times; and work in progress.

A column of masonry, usually rectangular in horizontal cross section, used to support other structural members. (Also see Caisson).

Usually, a long structural member driven into the ground to act as support for a foundation or wall. There are many forms of pile that differ by material, shape, and size.

The incline slope of a roof or the ratio of the total rise to the total width, i.e., a 6-foot rise and 24-foot width is a one-fourth pitch roof. Roof slope is expressed in the inches of rise, per foot of horizontal run.

1. A line drawing (by floor) representing the horizontal geometrical section of the walls of a building. The section (a horizontal plane) is taken at an elevation to include the relative positions of the walls, partitions, windows, doors, chimneys, columns, pilasters, etc.

2. A plan can be thought of as cutting a horizontal section through a building at an eye level elevation.

A term sometimes used to describe a building department official who examines the building permit documents.

Drawing of a structure with the view from overhead, looking down.

A person who forms a scheme or method for doing something; an arrangement of means or steps for the attainment of some object; a scheme, method, design; a mode of action.

A term used to represent all drawings including sections and details; and any supplemental drawings for complete execution of a specific project.

Work performed by the plumbing contractor after the Rough Heat is installed. This work includes installing all plastic ABS drain and waste lines, copper water lines, bath tubs, shower pans, and gas piping to furnaces and fireplaces.

Work performed by the plumbing contractor to get ready for a final plumbing inspection. Includes installing all toilets (water closets), hot water heaters, sinks, connecting all gas pipe to appliances, disposal, dishwasher, and all plumbing items.

A panel of wood that is made from multiple layers of veneer, compressed together.

A basic building method that uses just a few hefty posts and beams to support an entire structure. Contrasts with stud framing.

A method for prestressing (strengthening) concrete whereby cables are pulled or the concrete is jacked up after it has been placed.

This stands for “personal protective equipment” which is basically the proper attire for a construction job. Such equipment often includes a hard hat, hard-soled boots, reflective vest, safety glasses, long pants, and a shirt with at least 6” long sleeves.

A process used for the purpose of establishing below market dollar budget(s), overall project scheduling and design criteria; also identification and selection of the most feasible project design and construction team.

A screening process wherein the owner or his/her appointed representative gathers background information from a contractor or construction professional for selection purposes. Qualifying considerations include competence, integrity, dependability, responsiveness, bonding rate, bonding capacity, work on hand, similar project experience, and other specific owner requirements.

Concrete shapes made separately before being used in a structure.

Concrete elements created offsite that are transported to the construction site for final assembly.

An activity that must be completed before another activity can begin.

1. The drawings that precede the final approved drawings.

2. Usually these drawings are stamped or titled "PRELIMINARY"; and the "PRELIMINARY" is removed from the drawings upon being reviewed and approved by the owner.

A written notice given to the property owner of a specific project by the subcontractors and any person or company furnishing services, equipment or materials to that project. The notice states if bills are not paid in full for the labour, services, equipment, or materials furnished or to be furnished, a mechanic's lien leading to the loss, through court foreclosure proceedings, of all or part of the property being so improved may be placed against the property even through the owner has paid the prime contractor in full.

The notice explains how the owner can protect himself against this consequence by

1. requiring the prime contractor to furnish a signed release by the person or firm thus giving the owner notice before making payment to the prime contractor or

2. any other method or device which is appropriate under the circumstances. The state of California mandates that a Preliminary Lien Notice must be given to the property owner not more than 20 days after starting the work on the specific project.

Documents notifying other parties that they are working on the project. They’re often required to preserve mechanics lien rights. But even when not required, they provide invaluable transparency and communication.

A spreadsheet that tracks how long it will take for certain materials to be delivered on-site, especially those with long lead times. It tracks when the submittals for these materials need to be approved so that they can be ordered for fabrication and delivery. Some examples of items that may be on a procurement log are structural steel, HVAC equipment, lighting fixtures, and custom cabinetry.

The project manager handles the entire management of the construction project. They oversee project deliverables, schedules and budgets.

The contract timeline for the duration of the project, usually in Gantt chart format showing relationships and the critical path (what items are driving the overall schedule). It is generally composed of long duration tasks, sorted by scope and location, as opposed to the 3 week look ahead (which is very detailed and short term).

A project delivery method where a government agency and a private sector company collaborate to fund, build and maintain construction projects as the private generates income from the project.

A document listing construction work that does not meet the customer’s specifications. It is made at the end of the project as the contractor needs to complete the job to receive the payment.

A list of all items that need to be fixed before the building or project can be turned over to the client. Punch list items are also known as snags or deficiencies, and include things like paint scratches, damaged siding, cleanup, etc. This process comes at the end of the project after a preliminary walkthrough of the jobsite. The final punch list is usually tied to a cost withheld from the contractor until it is completed and verified.

In construction, a purchase order is a document from the buyer that indicates their intent to purchase services and products from the seller, such as a supplier.

A horizontal and longitudinal beam used on the roof structure to support the rafters.

Short for polyvinyl chloride, this common plastic is used most commonly for water pipes and sometimes for flooring.

This stands for “quality assurance/quality control” which is the formalized process of confirming proper installation methods and materials on-site.

A series of roof frame pieces that are connected to the supports and hold up the roofing and sheathing.

Concrete that is strengthened by adding steel bars or mesh within the concrete.

This preliminary document contains general information about the capabilities provided by potential vendors or suppliers.

A formal question to the design team, client, or general contractor that will likely affect the contract scope, drawings, and/or specifications. The response to an RFI acts as a contract change and could result in a change order.

A document request to vendors to obtain an overview of their costs and offerings for specific services.

A document featuring predetermined specifications for the project as it requests the vendor’s costs to fulfill these specifications.

In flooring, a rim joist is attached to the end of the main joists to give lateral support.

The initial stage of the wall framing, HVAC, electrical, and plumbing installation. This includes all of the components that won’t be seen after the completion of the project. All trade rough-ins must generally be inspected prior to insulation and application of finishes.

A formal invitation to vendors to submit their bid to supply products and services to the construction project.

During the construction project, unwanted concrete is broken down into small pieces that are used in the base for new surfaces.

A project’s work item list that corresponds the items to their value as the list represents the entire amount of the work project.

The breakdown of a contract amount into sub-items and sub-costs for identifiable construction elements. This is usually used as the basis for submitting and reviewing progress payment.

Scope creep involves when continuous changes and modifications are made or when the work grows uncontrollably beyond the original scope of the project.

A detail in the agreement outlining the work that will be performed for the project.

This is a drawing or model that shows what it would look like if you sliced vertically through a building and were able to see its various components or layers, showcasing exactly how a building is constructed top to bottom.

A device or instrument designed to detect and measure a variable.

Wood panels on the sides of buildings, barns and other structures.

A contractor’s drawings that details the fabrication of components.

A construction method that uses wood or metal props to support the structure while it is worked on.

Temporary structural support for underground excavation to prevent soil movement or collapse. Shoring is used when you can no longer excavate to your maximum allowable slope.

Concrete that is shot onto a reinforced surface, usually wire mesh, by way of air pressure and hose. Shotcrete is a typically installed on soil nail walls.

Material that covers up the joint between the floor and a wall in the interior of a building, for aesthetic purposes.

A pile of soil created when bulldozers excavate the site as the soil may later be used for grading purposes.

A procurement method where only one contractor is selected without a competitive process to fulfill all the project’s requirements.

The specifications provide details regarding the materials and work quality desired for the building design.

A structural member, usually inclined and shorter in length, used to resist axial force.

A material made from aggregates, a binder, and water. It is often used as a decorative coating on walls and ceilings.

An agreement made with the contractor and subcontractor that outlines the specific work services for the project.

The subcontractor is specialized in a specific construction or building trade, such as electrical or plumbing. They are contract workers who are hired by the general contractor.

Material data, shop drawings, and product data for architects and engineers so they can verify that the correct products were installed.

A document that is prepared by the installing contractor that indicates the products and locations that will be procured and installed. The document will need to be approved by the architect (and other applicable design team members), as well as the general contractor and client. An example of a submittal would be a cut sheet of the sink that will be installed in the bathrooms.

A milestone in construction projects defined as the stage when work is sufficiently completed in accordance with the contract documents. This indicates that the owner can now utilize the building or facility for its intended purpose. Only minor works, such as punch list items, will ordinarily remain after reaching substantial completion.

A structure that is built on top of another structure.

A document that lists the types and quantities of materials that will be required for the construction project.

This design method involves all key stakeholders — including the owner, subcontractors, designers and contractors — who will design the construction project to meet the owner’s goals and budget.

A contractor’s or supplier’s submission response about the supplies and services that they can offer to the project when receiving a bid invitation.

The schedule that is published each week by the general contractor that outlines what is occurring in the next three weeks of the project. This is broken down into small, actionable tasks, as opposed to the main project schedule (which is the overall timeline).

Construction elements used to tie to separate materials together inside cavity walls.

A contract method where the contractor is paid for the actual costs, which include time and materials.

When alternating bricks are left projecting from walls in order to bond with future work.

Concrete that is designed to be poured underwater through a gravity feed system. This method is often used to create underwater foundations as well as seal cofferdams and caissons.

The materials used to provide a clean finish of the building, such as moldings around window and door openings, or the baseboards in rooms, for example.

Construction technique to strengthen the foundation of an existing structure with the use of beams, concrete or base pining.

A contract where the contractor is paid based on the estimated quantity of items for the project and their unit prices.

An electronic device that varies its output frequency to vary the rotating speed of a motor given a fixed input frequency. They are used with fans or pumps to vary the flow in the system as a function of a maintained pressure.

A very thin sheet of wood. It is typically a finer wood that is used as a decorative cover for lower-quality wood.

All of the multi-disciplinary project models which can include the analysis model, visualizations, costs, and engineering modeling.

Concrete blocks with voids inside that maintain their strength and durability while using less concrete.

A distortion of material, which can be a sign of water damage.

A government regulation that involves restricting how a property is used. For example, industrial buildings cannot be constructed in areas zoned solely for residential.